What is dental disease?  Dental disease, also known as periodontal disease, is a condition in which the tissues supporting the teeth become inflamed. In its mildest form, periodontal disease is associated with gingivitis (inflammation of the gums). In more severe cases, periodontal disease may cause tooth root abscesses, bone infection of the jaw, or a pathologic (disease-induced) fracture of the jaw.  Can dental disease cause systemic disease?  When a pet develops dental disease, increasing numbers of bacteria live within the mouth and the oral tissues. These bacteria can enter the bloodstream and travel to other areas within the body, causing distant or systemic effects. These effects may occur due to the actions of the bacteria and from the body’s natural immune response against the bacteria.   How are pets screened for systemic disease?  Your veterinarian uses a number of tools to screen for dental disease. The first of these tools is the physical examination. In many cases, systemic disease has effects on the body that can be detected on a physical examination. For instance, a pet with liver or kidney disease may have visible weight loss or pain when their abdomen is touched (palpated).  Next, your veterinarian will likely perform blood screening tests, including a complete blood count (CBC) and serum biochemistry. These tests assess a number of different liver and kidney function markers; elevations in these values may suggest the presence of liver or kidney disease.  If the results of the physical examination and blood tests suggest underlying disease, your veterinarian may recommend additional diagnostic tests. If your pet has signs of liver or kidney disease, your veterinarian may recommend additional blood or urine testing.  Can the systemic effects of dental disease be minimized?  The best way to minimize the systemic damage associated with dental disease is to proactively prevent and treat dental disease. Dental conditions should be addressed as early as possible, to minimize the risk of worsening and spreading to the rest of the body. There are two components to dental care: home care and veterinary dental care.  Home care consists of brushing your pet’s teeth daily, if possible. If you are unable to brush daily, your veterinarian can provide alternatives such as an oral rinse, medicated dental chews, or a dental diet.  Veterinary dental care, also referred to as a comprehensive oral health assessment and treatment, is performed under general anesthesia. Your pet will be anesthetized, using a combination of injectable and inhalant anesthetics. First, the tartar will be scaled off your pet’s teeth. Dental X-rays (radiographs) may also be taken to evaluate the tooth roots and other tissues below the gumline. Once your pet’s teeth are clean and visible, your veterinarian will perform a thorough oral exam. Finally, your veterinarian will devise a treatment plan for any dental issues that have been discovered. These treatments may include extractions or more advanced dental procedures, such as a root canal.  If your pet is experiencing systemic signs associated with dental disease, antibiotics may also be recommended. These antibiotics will minimize the quantity of bacteria in your pet’s mouth and bloodstream. In many cases, antibiotics are started prior to a dental procedure. It is important to note, however, that antibiotics alone are not sufficient to treat dental disease or its systemic effects. Antibiotics are intended only as an adjunct to more definitive treatment. ] Does systemic disease make anesthesia risky for my pet?  Situations sometimes arise in which a pet’s systemic disease increases the risk associated with anesthesia. After performing a thorough physical exam and preanesthetic bloodwork, your veterinarian may determine that your pet has a heightened anesthetic risk and needs additional diagnostics prior to anesthesia.  In some cases, your veterinarian may refer your pet to a specialist, such as a cardiologist or internal medicine specialist. The specialist can perform additional diagnostic tests to assess organ function and aid your veterinarian in creating an appropriate anesthetic plan for your pet. If your pet is especially high-risk, your veterinarian may even recommend having your pet’s dental procedure performed at a specialty hospital. This ensures that board-certified specialists will be available during your pet’s anesthesia and recovery, to ensure that your pet receives the best care possible. In rare situations, you and your veterinarian may determine that the benefits associated with a dental procedure do not outweigh the anesthetic risks. In this case, your veterinarian will work with you to create a palliative care plan that minimizes the pain and infection associated with dental disease, while maintaining your pet’s quality of life for as long as possible. This approach is reserved only for pets with severe systemic disease, because it means that the dental disease will not be corrected and will continue to cause issues for the remainder of the pet’s life. It is always best to definitively treat dental disease when possible.

What is babesiosis?  Babesiosis is a tick-borne infection due to Babesia protozoal parasites. Babesia invades mammalian red blood cells, causing anemia. Babesia species are found worldwide. n North America, most canine cases of babesiosis occur in the southern United States; however, reports in other areas of the US and Canada are increasing. Babesiosis is considered a serious threat to racing greyhounds and fighting dogs, such as pit bull terriers.  How does a dog contract babesiosis?  Babesiosis primarily spreads through an infected tick's bite (multiple tick species can carry the disease). There is also evidence that some direct animal-to-animal transmission may occur, such as when an infected dog with oral lesions or abrasions bites another dog. This is particularly true for Babesia gibsoni, which primarily affects Pitbull Terriers. Recent studies show that Babesia may be transmitted to unborn puppies in their mother’s uterus. Dogs may also be inadvertently infected through a tainted blood transfusion. Dogs housed in kennel settings with poor tick control are at a higher risk for developing babesiosis.  "Dogs housed in kennel settings with poor tick control are at a higher risk for developing babesiosis." What are the clinical signs of babesiosis? Dogs infected with babesiosis may present with a wide variety of clinical signs ranging in severity from sudden collapse with systemic shock, to a hemolytic crisis (the body attacks and destroys red blood cells), to a subtle and slowly progressing infection with no apparent clinical signs.  Dogs typically present with the acute and severe form of babesiosis, characterized by abnormal dark urine, fever, weakness, pale mucous membranes, depression, swollen lymph nodes, and an enlarged spleen. Blood and urine tests may reveal anemia, thrombocytopenia (low platelets), hypoalbuminemia (low albumin, a blood protein), and bilirubinuria (a pigment from breaking down red blood cells found in the urine). How is babesiosis diagnosed?  In the past, babesiosis was diagnosed by seeing the parasite on a blood smear. Other diagnostic tests are becoming more readily available, including FA (fluorescent antibody) staining of the organism and ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) tests. A PCR (polymerase chain reaction) test is also available and is commonly used to diagnose babesiosis. The PCR test has the advantage of detecting all four species of Babesia. "The PCR test has the advantage of detecting all four species of Babesia."  Serologic or antibody titer testing has limitations. A positive test result depends on an antibody response in the infected dog, which may take up to ten days to develop. Once a dog has developed antibodies to babesiosis, they may persist for years, and this must be considered when performing follow-up tests. How is babesiosis treated?  A combination therapy of azithromycin and atovaquone is the preferred treatment method for some Babesiosis species. Unfortunately, atovaquone is expensive and may be difficult to obtain in smaller quantities. As a result, an older treatment called imidocarb (Imizol®) is often used. The treatment of babesia is often dependent on what species of Babesia is present in your dog.  Clindamycin, the treatment of choice for Babesia microti, the main Babesia species to infect humans, can also be used against Babesia in dogs. Clindamycin is a readily available antibiotic and is an excellent starting point for treatment in many dogs. Your veterinarian will discuss any alternative and adjunctive treatments with you.  Depending on the severity of your dog’s condition, other supportive treatments, such as blood transfusions and intravenous fluids, may be recommended.  What is the prognosis for a dog diagnosed with babesiosis?  The prognosis for a dog diagnosed with babesiosis depends on which body systems are affected at the time of diagnosis. Owners should be aware that dogs who survive babesiosis often remain sub-clinically infected. These dogs may suffer a disease relapse in the future or may serve as a source for further spreading disease in a given area. Dogs that recover from babesiosis should never be used as donors for blood transfusions because the recipients may develop the disease.  Currently, there is no effective vaccine available to protect dogs against babesiosis.  Can humans get babesiosis?  Yes, humans can develop babesiosis. Although several species have been reported, the most common species infecting humans is Babesia microti, transmitted by the deer or black-legged tick.

Primary vaccination is essential to prevent the once common deadly diseases in puppies. However, recent research indicates that not all vaccines require yearly boosters. There is  no evidence that annual booster vaccination is anything but beneficial to most dogs. Published research has shown conclusively that abstaining from some boosters can put your  dog at risk.  Blood tests to measure the amount of antibodies (antibody titers) are sometimes recommended to establish whether boosters are necessary for your dog. Unfortunately, these tests are often more expensive than revaccination and may be stressful for your dog. In addition, a high serum antibody may not ensure disease protection if your dog becomes exposed to a virulent strain of disease.  Government regulatory bodies have strict guidelines for vaccines, and manufacturers must prove that a vaccine is safe and effective before it can be used in your dog. Through vigilance and high standards, the veterinary vaccines used today are the safest and most protective ever. "Through vigilance and high standards, the veterinary vaccines used today are the safest and most protective ever."  I prefer my dog to have boosters only when necessary—is this okay? It is possible, but to determine when boosters might be necessary, the level of immunity against preventable diseases must be established by individual blood tests for antibody titers. If a specific antibody titer is low, your dog will require a booster vaccine. Currently, vaccination against a single disease may not be available, and it is likely to cost as much as a multivalent vaccine that vaccinates for multiple diseases. From your dog’s point of view, it is preferable to receive one injection against many common diseases rather than a series of single disease vaccinations.  For dogs with low-risk lifestyles or whose owners prefer less frequent vaccination, your veterinarian may recommend giving your dog certain core or essential viral vaccines on a three-year schedule.  It is important to note that administering a vaccine labeled for annual administration at a different interval, such as every three years, is an off-label use for some vaccines and may violate government regulations. Discuss the pros and cons with your veterinarian before deciding. Recent studies have demonstrated that some viral vaccines may convey at least three years of immunity. This is not the case with bacterial vaccines, which usually still require annual boosters.  Ultimately, your dog's lifestyle and relative risk determine how frequently your dog should be vaccinated. Ask your veterinarian about a vaccine program appropriate for your dog. "Ultimately, your dog's lifestyle and relative risk determine how frequently your dog should be vaccinated." Are there any other advantages of annual vaccination?  Not all vaccines provide protection for a year.  You and your veterinarian should decide which vaccinations your dog will receive based on your dog’s lifestyle, age, and health status. If you regularly board your dog or if he is exposed to other dogs, some vaccines, especially those for infectious bacterial diseases such as kennel cough (Bordetella), may be needed annually.  Before vaccine administration, your veterinarian will perform a health examination. You will be asked questions about your dog's health, and your veterinarian will check your dog's head, neck, chest, abdomen, muscles, skin, joints, and lymph nodes. Annual vaccines mean annual examination by a veterinarian; veterinarians frequently detect infections of the teeth or ears and sub-clinical diseases (diseases that are not presenting definite or observable symptoms), such as underlying heart conditions, metabolic problems, and organ dysfunction during these visits. Early diagnosis allows more effective and successful treatment and may improve the quality of your dog’s life.  Since dogs age more rapidly than humans, it is essential to ensure that they receive a complete physical examination at least yearly and more frequently as they approach their senior years.

I'm planning to travel by air and would like to take my dog with me. What are some of the factors I need to consider before taking my dog on an airplane? Having your dog accompany you during travel may add enjoyment to your trip. However, it is important to keep your dog's safety in mind when traveling, so be sure to check with the airline well in advance of your trip. Familiarize yourself with the airline's pet travel requirements so that you can avoid a last minute crisis. For pets that are too large to travel in the cabin, you have two options: checked luggage or manifest cargo. If possible, avoid flying your dog as "checked luggage" during times when temperatures on the ground are likely to be below 40ºF (4°C) or above 80ºF (21°C). Although ambient temperatures are controlled in holding areas, vehicles used to transport luggage are not sheltered from the elements. When your pet travels as manifest cargo, transport vehicles are temperature controlled and are handled by trained personnel. Take direct flights whenever possible and try to avoid connections and layovers. Sometimes this is easier to do if the travel occurs during the week. This eliminates missed baggage connections and the chance that your dog will be left exposed in extreme weather. Avoid the busiest travel times so airline personnel will have extra time to handle your dog. Verify your airline's policy regarding baggage liability, especially with respect to your dog. In some cases, your general baggage liability coverage will include your pet. Check your ticket for liability limits or, better yet, speak directly with the airline. If you are sending an economically valuable pet, you may want to purchase additional liability insurance. Many airlines will allow one pet to travel in coach and one in first class, with some provisions. Since some airlines limit the number of pets traveling within the cabin area, be sure to book well in advance if you plan to travel with your dog in the cabin. Your dog must be in a standard carrier that will fit under the seat (a collapsible fabric carrier may be suitable), must remain in the carrier during the flight, and must not disturb your fellow travelers. Obviously, only small dogs qualify for this type of accommodation. Are there any special veterinary considerations? Have your dog examined by your veterinarian in advance of the trip, especially if it has been more than a few months since his last health check, or if your dog has any health problems. Travel by airplane can pose a health risk to dogs with heart or kidney disease, or with some other pre-existing medical problems. Dogs with short faces, such as Pekingese, Pugs, English Bulldogs, Boston Terriers can run into respiratory difficulty in a confined carrier or if they are placed in the cargo compartment of the airplane, especially during hot or humid weather. Discuss these issues with your veterinarian prior to travel. Purchase any pet supplies that you might need in advance of your trip. These include heartworm and flea preventives or any prescription medications that your dog may require. If your dog is on a specific diet, especially a therapeutic diet, you need to ensure that it will be available at your destination or take along a sufficient supply. Update all vaccinations, especially rabies, and take written documentation with you. A health certificate for your dog may be required by your airline. If you are traveling to a foreign country, you may need to provide a specific international health certificate signed by a government-approved veterinarian or other government official. The specific requirements for travel vary by country, within North America and to other continents, and it is your responsibility to ensure that you meet all the criteria for your chosen destination. Requirements may include written proof of certain vaccinations, blood tests, or anti-parasitic treatment that has been performed within a specified time period. It may take several days or even weeks to get test results or obtain the appropriate paperwork, so plan well in advance. You can obtain the specific requirements from the consulate's office, or by searching the government website for the destination country. You should also inquire about any quarantine requirements, especially if your destination is an island country. Also check into requirements for your return trip back to your country of origin. How should I prepare my dog for the flight? Make sure the travel carrier has specific feeding and identification labels permanently attached and highly visible. The information on the label should include your name, telephone number, flight schedule, destination, and the telephone number of someone at the point of destination. Do not rely on baggage tags as they may become lost or damaged. "Do not tranquilize or sedate your dog without first discussing it with your veterinarian." Your dog should wear an identification tag attached to a collar or harness (a harness is preferable since it is more secure than a collar). You should provide a leash with the carrier, for secure restraint in case your dog needs to be taken out of the carrier. All tags should have updated contact information on them so that you or an emergency contact can be reached at all times. For additional security, all pets that travel should be microchipped prior to travel (and you should take a copy of the microchip number with you for reference). For further information on microchips, see the handout "Microchipping Your Dog". Do not tranquilize or sedate your dog without first discussing it with your veterinarian. If you feel that your dog needs to be sedated for travel, your veterinarian will advise you on safe medications. In order to determine the most appropriate dose, your veterinarian may recommend giving a test dose of the medication to determine its effect in advance of the trip. Do not feed your dog within six hours of the flight. You should provide fresh water until flight time. Water should be available in the carrier during the flight whenever possible. Give your dog fresh water as soon as you arrive at your destination. What do I need to consider when buying a travel carrier if my pet is going to be transported in manifest cargo or as checked luggage? Your dog's travel carrier will be its "home" for much of your trip. It is important to choose the right carrier. Here are some helpful guidelines: • The carrier should be large enough for your dog to stand up and turn around easily, but not so large that the dog will be tossed about inside during turbulence. Crates are available for dogs from two to two hundred pounds. Make sure it is an "airline-approved" crate. • If your pet will be traveling in the manifest cargo or checked luggage, the walls and floor of the crate should be strong and waterproof. This will prevent crushing of the walls and leakage of waste (urine).You can place a disposable absorbent puppy-training pad or an underpad designed for bedridden people with bladder control problems in the bottom of the crate. • There must be adequate ventilation on at least three sides of the carrier. Holes and slits in the sides are characteristics of a good quality carrier. • The carrier must have sturdy handles for baggage personnel to use. • The carrier should have a water tray that is accessible from the outside so that water can be easily added when needed. • Always familiarize your dog with the travel carrier before you leave for your trip. Let your dog play inside with the door both open and closed. This will help eliminate some of your dog's stress during the trip. Pet stores, breeders, and kennels usually sell carriers that meet these requirements. Some airlines recommend specific carriers that they prefer to use. Check with the airline to see if they have other requirements or recommendations. What about carry-on kennels for my small dog? Small dogs may be allowed in the passenger cabin as long as the carrier will fit under the seat. Soft, airline-approved, carry on kennels, sometimes called Sherpa bags, are available. Be sure to check with your airline regarding their specific carry-on policies and requirements. Many airlines allow pets weighing 15 pounds or less to fly in the cabin with their owners. Remember though that this weight includes both the pet and the carrier. There may be an extra charge to take your dog in the passenger cabin. What arrangements should I make at my destination site? • Make sure that your hotel allows dogs. Many bookstores carry travel guidebooks with this type of information. There are also helpful websites, such as www.petswelcome.com, www.petfriendlytravel.com , or www.travelpets.com. Do not try to sneak a pet into a hotel. Not only may you be forced to leave or be charged a financial penalty, you will give the hotel a negative impression of pet owners. • If you leave your dog unattended in your hotel room, make sure that there is no opportunity for escape. Leave the dog in the carrier or inside a closed bathroom. Be sure to inform housekeeping personnel about your dog and ask that they wait until you return before entering the room. Use the "Do Not Disturb" sign. • Should your pet get lost, contact the local animal control officer. If your pet is microchipped, give the number to them so that you can be contacted directly if your dog is located. Remember, advance planning is vital to making the trip an enjoyable experience for both you and your dog. By applying a few common sense rules, you can keep your traveling dog safe and sound.

There are so many food type choices: dry, canned, and semi-moist. How do I decide which is best for my dog? While feeding dogs does not need to be overly complicated, it is easy to be overwhelmed with choices. It is logical to wonder which approach is best. Your veterinary team is the best source for a specific recommendation on a nutrient profile that best fits your dog's needs. Beyond that, however, it is good to think about the advantages and disadvantages of the various forms and textures that are available. Dry dog food - generally referred to as “kibble” - remains the foundation of the dog food industry, and has several advantages: • Kibble is the easiest and most convenient option to feed your dog. • It has a long shelf life in the packaging, and once the package is opened, can stay fresh for several weeks (as long as it is sealed and stored appropriately). • It can be easier to manage portions, as you can weigh or measure a specific amount of dry food for each meal. Alternatively, you can measure the full day’s amount into an airtight container and then portion each meal from there. • It is a better choice for dogs that prefer to graze throughout the day rather than eat their portion in one sitting. The total daily portion can be measured into the bowl in the morning, and then any leftover can be measured at the end of the day. • It comes in many sizes and shapes, so you can choose one that your dog prefers. • Kibble works best in an automatic feeder. • Kibble works well in food toys or interactive feeders that move and dispense kibbles intermittently or that are stationary and make the dog work for its food. • Some kibble diets have oral health claims and can help prevent or reduce tartar buildup. Dry food also has some limitations to consider. • Kibble stays fresh for a long time in an unopened bag, but as soon as the package is opened, the food starts to oxidate, which can affect nutrient concentration and affect palatability. A common mistake dog owners make is buying a bag of kibble that is too big, thinking they are getting a bargain. It is best to purchase a package size that lasts roughly four to six weeks. • Dry food has a very low moisture content. For dogs that are not good drinkers, choosing food with a higher moisture content can increase their water intake. What are the advantages and limitations of canned dog food? Canned dog food has some advantages as well: • It has a very high water content, which can help to increase your dog’s water intake. This is especially beneficial for dogs with medical conditions for which increased water intake is ideal, such as urinary disease or chronic kidney disease. • The high moisture in canned food reduces the energy density (calories per 100 grams), which means your dog can enjoy a larger portion per meal to provide the same number of calories as an equivalent weight of kibble. • Some dogs prefer the palatability of canned food over kibble. • Within the category of canned food, there are a variety of forms, including pâté, chunks in gravy, and stews. These options are great for dogs that are picky and prefer one texture over another. • Canned food can be warmed up (gently), which can increase aroma and palatability. • Canned food can be used to hide medication. Canned food has a few limitations to consider. • It is more expensive per calorie, compared to kibble, due to the high water content and the packaging. • It must be kept in the refrigerator after opening and any unused portion should be tossed away after three days. • It does not stay fresh for very long once it has been transferred from the can to a food dish. Any amount that is not eaten within about 30 minutes should be discarded. For dogs that are picky and don’t finish a meal, this can lead to a lot of food waste. • Unlike some dry foods, there are no canned food options that carry any dental health benefits. What are the advantages and limitations of semi-moist dog food? The advantages and limitations to semi-moist food are like those listed for canned food; however, semi-moist food contains a slightly lower moisture content (typically 60-65%) and usually comes in a pouch-type format. • Many dogs find the semi-moist options very palatable and, as with dry and canned, there are several options to choose from. • The pouches are convenient: they are typically designed so that the entire pouch contents are poured into the bowl for one serving. Remember that each dog is unique, so what is an appropriate serving size for one, may not be for the next. A disadvantage to semi-moist food is that it can contain more sugar and more salt (sodium) compared to dry or canned foods. For an average, healthy dog who is fed an appropriate number of calories each day, this might be okay, especially if this food form is reserved as a topper or occasional treat. Concern arises when these foods are fed to pets with specific medical conditions where sugar and sodium intake needs to be more controlled, such as dogs with diabetes, or urinary, kidney, or heart disease. Can I feed my dog a combination of foods? Yes! In fact, exposing dogs to a variety of textures and forms of food when they are younger can make any subsequent food transitions much easier. For example, if your dog develops a medical condition and needs a specialized diet that only comes in a canned form, but your dog has never had canned food, they may not accept this change well. If you feed a combination of food types, ensure you work with your veterinary team to review the portion of each type of food you should feed. Regardless of which option you choose, work with your veterinary team to evaluate the calorie content of the selected food(s) to determine the amount you should feed your dog each day to maintain a healthy body weight.

Why should I brush my cat’s teeth?  Some 50-80% of all cats over the age of four have periodontal disease (infection of the tissues surrounding the teeth). Periodontal disease starts as gingivitis, caused by plaque coming into contact with the gingiva (gums). If not removed through regular brushing, plaque thickens and mineralizes, resulting in tartar. Left untreated, gingivitis may progress to destructive periodontal disease, which may be painful and ultimately lead to tooth loss. See the handout “Dental Disease in Cats” for more information about When should I brush my cat's teeth? Like us, cats need daily dental care to help decrease plaque and prevent tartar accumulation. Teaching your cat to accept you brushing their teeth will take some training, but it will be relatively easy once they become used to the process. Daily brushing is most beneficial and will help to establish a routine. Brushing three times a week is the minimum recommendation to help remove plaque and prevent tartar accumulation. If you have an older cat, the process may take a little longer, but is still worth the effort. What steps should I follow to teach my cat to accept tooth brushing? To be successful in brushing your cat’s teeth, you must make it a positive experience for both of you. For the best results, follow these steps: • Choose a quiet time and place to begin. Select a small room where you can place your cat on a surface such as a counter or tabletop (on a blanket or towel) or sit with her in your lap. Ensure the location is one where you can close the door to seal off escape avenues. • Dip a cotton swab (Q-tip) into tuna water drained from a can of tuna fish. The tuna water does not have any beneficial dental or cleaning effects, but most cats like the taste of it, which will provide a positive connection between the tuna juice and the tooth-brushing experience. • Place your cat’s head at a 45-degree angle and gently pull back her lips. The mouth can remain closed. • Gently rub the applicator tip along the area where the gum tissue touches the tooth surface (the gingival margin). This is the region where plaque accumulates and gingivitis is initiated. Only the outside surfaces of the teeth need to be rubbed. • For the first few lessons, rub the cotton swab along only a few teeth rather than the whole mouth, especially if your cat is unsure or nervous about the process. • Once your cat is completely used to you rubbing her teeth with a cotton swab, it’s time to start using a toothbrush. What type of toothbrush should I use? Commercial toothbrushes are available that are specifically designed for use in cats. These include: • brushes with angled handles, • small brushes that fit comfortably in your hand, and • finger toothbrushes (designed to fit over the tip of your finger). For some cats, it is acceptable to use a very soft toothbrush designed for use in human babies. You can also use a finger toothbrush, gauze wrapped around a finger, or continue using a cotton swab. Check with your veterinarian if you are uncertain of which brush to use. Ultimately, it is preferable to use a brush where the bristles can reach just below the gumline at the tooth/gum interface. Regardless of the type of toothbrush you use, it is important to be gentle and go slowly, as it is easy to accidentally poke the tip of the toothbrush against the gums and cause some irritation. Is it okay to use human toothpaste? No. Human toothpastes contain ingredients that should not be swallowed. If it is swallowed, it can cause an upset stomach or digestive disturbances. Some human toothpastes contain high levels of sodium, which may even make your pet ill. My friend recommended that I use baking soda. Is this okay? No. Baking soda has a high alkaline content and, if swallowed, it can upset the acid balance in the stomach and digestive tract. In addition, baking soda does not taste good, which may cause your cat to be uncooperative when you try to brush her teeth. Why is pet toothpaste recommended? Pet toothpaste is available in several different flavors that are appetizing to cats. By using a product that tastes good, your cat will be more likely to enjoy the whole experience. A list of dental products that have been accepted by the Veterinary Oral Health Counsel can be found at vohc.org. Exactly how should I brush my cat’s teeth? Following the procedure described above to get your cat used to having her teeth brushed, follow these steps for a successful tooth brushing session. • Apply a small amount of toothpaste to the toothbrush. Place your cat’s head at a 45-degree angle and gently pull back her lips. The mouth can remain closed. • At first, concentrate on brushing the large cheek teeth and the canine teeth - the teeth where plaque and tartar accumulate most quickly. • Do not worry about brushing the tips or insides of the teeth unless your cat is very cooperative. Most periodontal damage occurs on the outer surfaces of the teeth and around the roots; this is where you should direct your efforts. The cat's abrasive tongue tends to remove plaque from the inner surfaces of the teeth, reducing the need for brushing these surfaces. • Gradually work up to brushing all the teeth (this will probably take several days or weeks). Make sure you reach the big teeth at the back of the mouth. How much time should I spend brushing my cat's teeth? Try to brush for approximately 30 seconds per side. Is there anything else I should know? Yes. A cat’s mouth contains lots of bacteria. If possible, wear gloves while brushing your cat’s teeth. If this limits your ability to effectively brush her teeth, then be sure to thoroughly wash your hands with soap and water after you are finished. Also, rinse the toothbrush thoroughly before putting it away. Replace the toothbrush every three months, and if you have several cats, use a different toothbrush for each one.

Our pets are more than just animals; they’re cherished members of our families. Just as we take care of our own health with regular check-ups, our furry, feathered, and scaly friends benefit greatly from consistent veterinary care. Regular visits to the vet are crucial for ensuring that your pet leads a long, healthy, and happy life. Let’s dive into why these visits matter so much. Early Detection of Health Issues One of the most compelling reasons for regular vet visits is the early detection of health problems. Pets are masters at hiding discomfort and pain, often masking symptoms until a condition becomes serious. Routine check-ups allow your vet to spot potential issues before they become critical. Whether it’s a heart murmur, a developing tumor, or dental disease, catching these problems early can make a significant difference in your pet’s treatment options and overall prognosis. Preventative Care Prevention is always better than cure. Regular vet visits are an opportunity for preventative care, including vaccinations, parasite control, and dental check-ups. Vaccinations protect your pet from dangerous diseases, while regular parasite screenings can prevent infestations of fleas, ticks, and worms. Dental health is often overlooked, but dental disease can lead to more severe health issues if not managed properly. Your vet will provide guidance on maintaining your pet’s oral health and overall well-being. Weight Management Obesity is a growing concern among pets and can lead to numerous health problems, including diabetes, arthritis, and heart disease. Regular vet visits provide an opportunity for weight assessments and advice on proper nutrition. Your vet can help tailor a diet and exercise plan to keep your pet at a healthy weight, which is crucial for their overall health and quality of life. Behavioral Observations and Advice Your vet doesn’t just care about your pet’s physical health; they’re also keen on behavioral changes that could signal underlying issues. Unexplained aggression, anxiety, or changes in appetite and activity levels can indicate health problems that might not be immediately apparent. Regular visits allow your vet to discuss any behavioral concerns you might have and offer guidance on how to address them effectively. Building a Strong Relationship Regular visits to the vet help build a strong relationship between your pet and their healthcare provider. A familiar environment and a trusted vet can make medical visits less stressful for your pet. Over time, your pet will become more comfortable with their vet, which can lead to a more accurate assessment of their health and a more positive experience for both of you. Education and Support Veterinarians are valuable resources for pet owners. Regular visits provide an opportunity to ask questions and gain advice on a wide range of topics, from grooming and training to the best products for your pet’s needs. Your vet can offer insights that can improve your pet’s quality of life and help you make informed decisions about their care. Financial Planning Investing in regular vet visits can also be financially prudent. Preventative care and early intervention can reduce the likelihood of costly emergency treatments and surgeries. By keeping up with routine check-ups, you’re likely to avoid more severe health issues that can be expensive to treat. Many pet insurance plans also offer benefits for routine care, which can further ease the financial burden. Conclusion Regular visits to the vet are an essential part of responsible pet ownership. They ensure that your pet receives comprehensive care that promotes their long-term health and happiness. From early detection of health issues to preventative care, behavioral advice, and financial benefits, the reasons for maintaining a routine vet schedule are clear. By prioritizing regular vet visits, you’re investing in your pet’s well-being and strengthening the bond you share. Your furry, feathered, or scaly friend deserves the best care, and regular vet visits are a key component of providing that care.

Just like humans, pets need regular dental care to maintain their overall health and well-being. However, many pet owners might wonder: Is dental cleaning really worth it for my pet? The short answer is a resounding yes. Let’s explore why investing in your pet’s dental health is crucial and how it can impact their quality of life. The Hidden Dangers of Poor Dental Health Dental disease is one of the most common health issues among pets, affecting a significant number of dogs and cats. Poor dental hygiene can lead to a host of problems, including: Gingivitis : Inflammation of the gums caused by plaque buildup. Periodontal Disease : A more severe form of gum disease that can lead to tooth loss and damage to the surrounding bone structure. Tooth Decay and Loss : Bacteria from untreated dental issues can erode the teeth, causing pain and loss of teeth. Systemic Infections : Bacteria from the mouth can enter the bloodstream and potentially affect the heart, liver, and kidneys. The Benefits of Professional Dental Cleaning Professional dental cleaning is more than just a cosmetic procedure; it’s a crucial part of maintaining your pet’s overall health. Here’s why: Thorough Cleaning : Unlike at-home brushing, professional dental cleanings performed by a veterinarian are comprehensive. They include scaling to remove tartar and plaque, polishing the teeth, and inspecting the mouth for any hidden issues. Early Detection : During a dental cleaning, your vet will examine your pet’s teeth and gums closely. This allows for the early detection of problems like broken teeth, abscesses, or tumors, which might not be apparent during a routine check-up. Pain Prevention : Dental disease can be painful and uncomfortable for pets. By addressing issues before they escalate, you can prevent unnecessary pain and discomfort for your furry friend. Prevention of Serious Health Issues : Dental health is linked to overall health. By preventing and treating dental problems, you reduce the risk of systemic infections and other health complications. The Cost of Ignoring Dental Health Neglecting your pet’s dental health can lead to significant long-term costs. Advanced dental issues often require more invasive and expensive treatments, such as extractions or surgery. Additionally, systemic health problems arising from dental disease can lead to further veterinary expenses and impact your pet’s quality of life. At-Home Dental Care: An Important Complement While professional cleanings are essential, at-home dental care plays a vital role in maintaining your pet’s oral health between visits. Here are some tips for effective at-home care: Brushing : Regular brushing with pet-specific toothpaste helps reduce plaque buildup. Start slowly and make it a positive experience for your pet. Dental Chews and Toys : Providing dental chews and toys can help reduce tartar and keep your pet’s teeth clean. Healthy Diet : Some pet foods are formulated to support dental health by reducing plaque and tartar buildup. Signs That Your Pet Needs Dental Care It’s important to be aware of signs that your pet may need dental attention. Look out for: Bad breath Red or swollen gums Loose or broken teeth Difficulty eating or chewing Excessive drooling If you notice any of these symptoms, it’s a good idea to schedule a veterinary dental examination. Conclusion Dental cleaning is not just a luxury; it’s a vital component of your pet’s overall health care. Investing in regular professional dental cleanings can prevent serious health issues, alleviate pain, and improve your pet’s quality of life. Complementing these visits with consistent at-home care will help keep your pet’s teeth and gums in top condition. By prioritizing dental health, you’re ensuring that your pet enjoys a longer, healthier, and more comfortable life. So, yes, dental cleaning is definitely worth it—and your pet will thank you with brighter smiles and happier days.

As our furry friends grow older, they deserve special attention and care to ensure their golden years are comfortable and fulfilling. Senior pets, typically defined as those aged seven and older, often face unique health challenges and lifestyle changes. Here’s a guide to help you navigate the special needs of your aging companion. 1. Regular Veterinary Checkups One of the most important steps in caring for an elderly pet is ensuring they receive regular veterinary checkups. Older pets are more susceptible to various health issues, such as arthritis, dental disease, and organ dysfunction. Routine exams allow your vet to catch any potential problems early and adjust care plans accordingly. Aim for at least twice-a-year visits, or more frequently if your pet has specific health concerns. 2. Nutrition Tailored for Seniors Nutrition plays a critical role in your senior pet’s health. As they age, their metabolism slows down, and their dietary needs may change. Look for senior-specific pet food that is formulated with lower calories, higher fiber, and essential nutrients to support joint health and overall well-being. Consulting your veterinarian about dietary adjustments is key, as they can recommend the best options for your pet’s specific needs. 3. Joint Care and Mobility Support Arthritis and joint pain are common in older pets. To help manage discomfort, consider providing orthopedic beds, ramps for easier access to furniture, and non-slip surfaces to prevent slips and falls. Supplements like glucosamine and omega-3 fatty acids can also support joint health. Always consult your vet before introducing new supplements to ensure they’re appropriate for your pet. 4. Dental Health Matters Dental care is essential for senior pets, as dental disease can lead to pain, infections, and even systemic health issues. Regular dental checkups and cleanings are vital, and you can also help at home by offering dental treats and brushing your pet's teeth regularly. Keeping those pearly whites healthy can significantly enhance your pet’s quality of life. 5. Exercise: Gentle but Consistent While senior pets may not be as spry as they once were, maintaining an appropriate level of exercise is still important. Short, gentle walks can help keep their weight in check and maintain muscle tone. Tailor the activity level to your pet’s abilities, and always monitor them for signs of fatigue or discomfort. 6. Mental Stimulation Just like physical health, mental stimulation is crucial for senior pets. Engaging their minds can help prevent cognitive decline and keep them happy. Puzzle toys, interactive games, and new training exercises can provide enrichment. Additionally, spending quality time with them—through cuddles, brushing, or simply relaxing together—can strengthen your bond and improve their emotional well-being. 7. Comfortable Living Environment Creating a comfortable and safe living environment is essential for aging pets. Ensure they have easy access to food, water, and a cozy spot to rest. Consider the following adjustments: Elevated food and water bowls : Easier on their joints. Soft bedding : Provides support and comfort. Controlled temperature : Keep their space cool in summer and warm in winter. 8. Monitor Behavioral Changes Keep an eye out for changes in your pet’s behavior, as these can be indicators of underlying health issues. Increased lethargy, changes in appetite, difficulty navigating stairs, or altered bathroom habits can signal a need for veterinary attention. Regularly observing your pet’s habits can help you catch potential problems early. Conclusion: A Loving Hand in Their Golden Years Caring for an elderly pet requires patience, understanding, and a little extra love. By being proactive and attentive to their unique needs, you can help ensure they enjoy a happy, healthy, and fulfilling life in their later years. Remember, your veterinarian is your best resource in this journey, so don’t hesitate to reach out for advice tailored to your beloved companion. After all, these golden years are a time for creating cherished memories together!

In recent years, pet owners have become increasingly conscious of what goes into their furry companions’ bowls. The trend toward natural food for pets is not just a passing fad; it's a vital shift that emphasizes the health, happiness, and longevity of our beloved animals. Let’s delve into the reasons why natural pet food is important and how it can positively impact your pet’s life. 1. Whole Ingredients Matter Just like in our diets, the quality of ingredients in pet food plays a crucial role in overall health. Natural pet food typically contains whole, recognizable ingredients, such as real meats, vegetables, and grains. These foods are less processed, retaining essential nutrients and promoting better digestion. By opting for natural ingredients, you can ensure your pet receives the vitamins and minerals needed for optimal health. 2. Allergy Management Many pets suffer from food allergies or sensitivities. Commercial pet foods often contain fillers, artificial additives, and low-quality ingredients that can trigger adverse reactions. Natural pet foods, on the other hand, are less likely to include these harmful substances. By choosing a limited-ingredient diet with whole foods, you can help minimize allergy symptoms and support your pet's overall wellbeing. 3. Improved Digestion A diet rich in natural ingredients can significantly improve your pet’s digestive health. Natural foods are typically easier for pets to digest and can lead to fewer gastrointestinal issues, such as diarrhea or constipation. Additionally, high-quality fibers from natural sources can promote healthy gut flora, ensuring your pet's digestive system runs smoothly. 4. Enhanced Energy Levels Pets that consume natural foods often exhibit higher energy levels and vitality. The balanced nutrients found in whole foods provide a steady source of energy, supporting active lifestyles and overall vitality. Whether your pet is a playful puppy or an energetic kitten, feeding them natural food can help them thrive. 5. Weight Management Obesity is a growing concern for pets, leading to numerous health issues such as diabetes, joint problems, and heart disease. Natural pet foods, being free from excessive fillers and artificial additives, can help maintain a healthy weight. These diets are often more nutrient-dense, allowing pets to feel fuller on smaller portions. 6. Long-Term Health Benefits Investing in natural food can lead to long-term health benefits for your pet. A diet rich in whole ingredients supports the immune system, reduces the risk of chronic diseases, and can even improve the quality of life as pets age. By nurturing their bodies with natural foods, you’re giving them the best chance for a healthy, happy life. 7. Ethical Considerations Choosing natural pet food often aligns with ethical and environmental values. Many natural brands prioritize sustainable sourcing and humane treatment of animals. By selecting these products, you can support companies that prioritize animal welfare and eco-friendly practices, making a positive impact on the world. Conclusion: A Loving Choice for Your Pet Feeding your pet a natural diet is one of the best ways to show your love and commitment to their health. As a responsible pet owner, it’s essential to educate yourself on the options available and make informed choices. By prioritizing natural foods, you’re not just feeding your pet; you’re investing in their happiness and wellbeing for years to come. As you make this transition, consult with your veterinarian to ensure a balanced diet tailored to your pet’s specific needs. Together, you can embark on a journey toward better health, one bowl at a time. Your furry friend deserves nothing but the best!